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Robert Jacobus Forbes or Robert James Forbes (21 April 1900, Breda – 13 January 1973, Haarlem) was a Dutch chemist and historian of science. Forbes was of Scottish origin and a descendant of the Scottish theologian John Forbes of Corse. He spent much of his childhood in China.〔〔 He studied chemistry from 1917 to 1923 at TU Delft. From 1923 to 1958 he worked as a chemist for Royal Dutch Shell. In 1947 he was appointed a professor in the history of applied science and technology at the University of Amsterdam. From 1959 on he was a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.〔〔〔〔〔〔 As science historian Forbes wrote about the history of technology,〔 particularly oil technology in the ancient world. He also wrote a book about Simon Stevin, describing Stevin's mill building and hydraulic engineering work. His work ''A history of science and technology'', written with Eduard Dijksterhuis, proposed a synthesis of the history of science. ==Selected works== * ''Notes on the history of ancient roads and their construction'' (Amsterdam: Nord-Hollandsche Uitgevers-mij, 1934);〔Forbes, R.J. Notes on the History of Ancient Roads and Their Construction. Amsterdam: Uitgeversmij, 1934. Print, .〕 2nd ed., Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1964.〔Forbes, R J. Notes on the History of Ancient Roads and Their Construction: 2. Unrev : Ed. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1964. Print, .〕 ::Reviewed by Jotham Johnson in ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 39, #3 (July–September 1935), pp. 427-428, . ::Reviewed by C. E. Stevens in ''The Classical Review'' 49, #2 (May 1935), p. 87, . ::Reviewed by I. A. Richmond in ''The Journal of Roman Studies'' 25 (1935), pp. 113-114, . * ''Bitumen and Petroleum in Antiquity'' (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1936.) ::Reviewed by K. C. Bailey, ''The Classical Review'', 50, #6 (December 1936), p. 243, . * ''Bibliographia Antiqua: Philosophia Naturalis'' (10 parts in 6 volumes and 2 supplementary volumes, 1940–1963): ::: 1: Mining and geology (#1-612), Leiden: Nederlandsch Inst. van het Nabije Oosten, 1940.〔Forbes, Robert J. Bibliographia Antiqua: Philosophia Naturalis: (1960 ). Leiden: Nederlandsch Inst. van het Nabije Oosten, 1940. Print, .〕 ::: 2: Metallurgy (#613-4130), Leiden: Nederlandsch Institut van het Nabije Oosten, 1942.〔Forbes, Robert J. Bibliographia Antiqua Philosophia Naturalis... A. D. 1939: 2. Leiden: Nederlandsch Institut van het Nabije Oosten, 1942. Print, .〕 ::: 3/4: Building materials (#4131-4423), Pottery, faience, glass, glaze, beads (#4424-4895), Leiden: Nederlandsch Inst. van het Nabije Oosten, 1944.〔Forbes, Robert J. Bibliographia Antiqua: Philosophia Naturalis: (1960 ). Leiden: Nederlandsch Inst. van het Nabije Oosten, 1944. Print, .〕 ::: 5/8: Paints, pigments, varnishes, inks and their application (#4938-5198), Leather, manufacture and application (#5199-5236), Fibrous materials (#5237-5544), Paper, papyrus, and other writing materials (#5545-5641), Leiden: Nederlandsch Inst. van het Nabije Oosten, 1949.〔Forbes, Robert J. Bibliographia Antiqua: Philosophia Naturalis: (1960 ). Leiden: Nederlandsch Inst. van het Nabije Oosten, 1949. Print, .〕 ::: 9: Man and nature (#5642-7972), Leiden: Nederlandsch Institut van het Nabije Oosten, 1949.〔Forbes, Robert J. Bibliographia Antiqua Philosophia Naturalis... A. D. 1939: 9. Leiden: Nederlandsch Institut van het Nabije Oosten, 1949. Print, .〕 ::: 10: Science and technology (#7973-10751), Leiden: Nederlandsch Instituut voor het nabije oosten, 1950.〔Forbes, Robert J. Bibliographia Antiqua: 10. Leiden: Nederlandsch Instituut voor het nabije oosten, 1950. Print, .〕 ::: Supplement I: 1940-1950 (#10752-13240), Leiden: Nederlandsch Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1952.〔Forbes, R J. Supplement 1: Nos. 10752 - 13240 ; 1940 - 1950. Bibliographia antiqua : philosophia naturalis / R. J. Forbes, S,1. Leiden: Nederlandsch Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1952. Print, .〕 ::: Supplement II: 1950-1960 (#13241-15234), Leiden: Nederlandsch Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1963.〔Forbes, R J. Supplement 2: Nos. 13241 - 15234 ; 1950 - 1960. Bibliographia antiqua : philosophia naturalis / R. J. Forbes, S,2. Leiden: Nederlandsch Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1963. Print, .〕 ::Supplement II is reviewed by Eugene S. Ferguson in ''Technology and Culture'', 5, #4 (Autumn 1964), pp. 639-640, . * ''Short History of the Art of Distillation from the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal'' (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1948) ::Reviewed by Frederick O. Koenig in ''Isis'' 41, #1 (March 1950), pp. 131-133, . * ''Man the Maker. A History of Technology and Engineering'' (New York: Henry Schuman, 1950) ::Reviewed by Cyril Stanley Smith in ''Isis'', 42, #1 (April 1951), pp. 79-80, . ::Reviewed by Warren C. Scoville in ''The Journal of Economic History'', 11, #2 (Spring 1951), pp. 196-197, . ::Reviewed by H. T. Pledge in ''The British Journal of Sociology'' 2, #4 (December 1951), pp. 369-370, . ::Reviewed by John W. Oliver in ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' 273 (January 1951), pp. 265-266, . ::Reviewed by William F. Ogburn in ''American Sociological Review'' 15, #6 (December 1950), pp. 829-830, . * ''Studies in Ancient Technology'' (9 vols., 1955–1964; reprints and new editions, 1964–1993) :::1: Bitumen and petroleum in antiquity; the origin of alchemy; water supply, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: The Origin of Alchemy : Water Supply. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955. Print, .〕 Second ed., 1964.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: 1. Leiden: Brill, 1964. Print, .〕 Third ed., 1993, ISBN 90-04-00621-4. :::2: Irrigation and drainage; Power; Land transport and road-building; The coming of the camel, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1955.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: Power : Land Transport and Road-Building : the Coming of the Camel. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1955. Print, .〕 Second rev. ed., 1965.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: 2. Leiden: Brill, 1965. Print, .〕 Third ed. (reprint of second ed.), 1993, ISBN 90-04-00622-2. :::3: Cosmetics and perfumes in antiquity; Food, alcoholic beverages, vinegar; Food in classical antiquity; Fermented beverages 500 B.C. - 1500 A.D.; Crushing; Salts, preservation processes, mummification; Paints, pigments, inks and varnishes, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: Food, Alcohlic Beverages, Vinegar : Food in Classical Antiquity : Fermented Beverages 500 B.c. - 1500 A.d. Crushing, Salts, Preservation Processeo, Mummification : Paints Pigments, Inks and Varnishes. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1955. Print, .〕 Second ed., 1965.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: 3. Leiden: Brill, 1965. Print, .〕 Third ed., 1993, ISBN 90-04-00623-0. :::4: The fibres and fabrics of antiquity; Washing, bleaching, fulling and felting; Dyes and dyeing; Spinning; Sewing, basketry and weaving; Weaving and looms; Fabrics and weavers, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1956.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: Washing, Bleaching, Fulling and Felting : Dyes and Dyeing Spinning : Sewing, Basketry and Weaving and Looms : Fabrics and Weaters. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1956. Print, .〕 Second rev. ed., 1964, reprinted 1987, ISBN 90-04-08307-3.〔Forbes, R J. Studies in Ancient Technology: Vol. 4. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1964. Print, .〕 :::5: Leather in antiquity; Sugar and its substitutes in antiquity; Glass, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1957.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: Sugar and Its Substitutes in Antiquity : Glass. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1957. Print, .〕 Second rev. ed., 1966, ISBN 90-04-00625-7. :::6: Heat and heating; Refrigeration, the art of cooling and producing cold; Light, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: Refrigeration, the Art of Cooling and Producing Cold, Light. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1958. Print, .〕 Second rev. ed., 1966, ISBN 90-04-00626-5. :::7: Ancient geology; Ancient mining and quarrying; Ancient mining techniques, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1963.〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Ancient Technology: Ancient Mining and Quarrying and Quarrying : Ancien Minig Techniques. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1963. Print, .〕 Second rev. ed., 1966, ISBN 90-04-00627-3. :::8: Metallurgy in antiquity, part 1; Early metallurgy, the smith and his tools, gold, silver and lead, zinc and brass, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964. Second rev. ed., 1971, ISBN 90-04-02652-5. :::9: Metallurgy in antiquity, part 2; Copper and bronze, tin, arsenic, antimony and iron, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1964. Second rev. ed., 1972, ISBN 90-04-03487-0. ::Review of vol. 1 by W. C. Brice in ''Man'' 56 (April 1956), p. 62, . ::Review of vols. 2 and 3 by H. H. Coghlan in ''Man'' 56 (September 1956), pp. 125-126, . ::Review of vols. 1-3 by Lynn White, Jr. in ''Isis'' 48, #1 (March 1957), p. 77, . ::Review of vol. 5 by R. J. Gettens in ''American Journal of Archaeology'' 63, #3 (July 1959), p. 285, . ::Review of vol. 6 by Lynn White, Jr. in ''Isis'' 51, #2 (June 1960), pp. 227-228, . ::Review of vols. 1-6 by W. F. Leemans in "Some Marginal Remarks on Ancient Technology", ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 3, #2 (August 1960), pp. 217-237, . ::Review of vol. 7 by J. R. Harris in ''Isis'' 56, #1 (Spring 1965), pp. 90-92, . ::Review of vol. 7 by W. F. Leemans in ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 7, #2 (July 1964), pp. 206-208, . ::Review of vols. 8 and 9 by H. Limet in ''Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient'' 9, #3 (December 1966), pp. 309-313, . * ''Studies in Early Petroleum History'' (Leiden: Brill, 1958.)〔Forbes, Robert J. Studies in Early Petroleum History: With 16 Pl. and 32 Fig. Leiden: Brill, 1958. Print, .〕 ::Reviewed by A. G. Drachmann in ''Isis'' 50, #4 (December 1959), pp. 498-499, . * ''More Studies in Early Petroleum History, 1860-1880'' (Leiden: Brill, 1959.)〔Forbes, R J. More Studies in Early Petroleum History, 1860-1880. Leiden: Brill, 1959. Print, .〕 ::Reviewed by F. Klemm in ''Isis'' 52, #3 (September 1961), pp. 437-438, . ::Reviewed, with ''Studies in Early Petroleum History'', by Martin Levey in ''Technology and Culture'' 2, #1 (Winter 1961), pp. 55-57, . ::Reviewed, with ''Studies in Early Petroleum History'', by Kendall Beaton in ''The Business History Review'' 34, #1 (Spring 1960), pp. 130-131, . * (with E. J. Dijksterhuis) ''History of Science and Technology'' (Penguin Books, 1963; 2 vols.) ::: Volume I: ''Ancient Times to the Seventeenth Century'' :::Volume II: ''The Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries'' ::Reviewed by J. Morton Briggs, Jr., ''Isis'' 55, #1 (March 1964), pp. 101-102, . * ''The principal works of Simon Stevin'' (1966) * ''The Conquest of Nature: Technology and Its Consequences'' (New York: Praeger, 1968.)〔Forbes, R.J. The Conquest of Nature: Technology and Its Consequences. New York: Praeger, 1968. Print, .〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Robert Jacobus Forbes」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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